Introduction to Pathology and its sub-divisions
Father of medicine - Hippocrates,
Father of Modern medicine - Sir William Osler.
Father of Cellular Pathology- Rudolf Virchow. (1821-1902
Father of Clinical Pathology- Paul Ehrlich.-1854-1915) German physician
Pathology- The word Pathology in derived from 2 Greek ward
where in Pathos - Suffering / Disease
Logos - Study
means - Study of disease/OR - Scientific study of changes in the structural and functional activity of the cell, tissue, and organs in disease condition.
Pathology consist of the abnormalities in normal Anatomy and Physiology owing to disease.
Disease - Disease is the opposite to health.
Dis+ease - While disease is loss of ease (comfort) to the body
Syndrome - Its use for combination of several clinical features caused by altered physiologic process.
Divisions of Pathology
Study of Pathology divided in two broad branch
1) General Pathology 2) Systemic Pathology
General Pathology: - It deals with the study of general principles mechanism basic reactions of cells, and tissue to abnormal stimuli, and to inherent defect. Exp. Calls injury, Inflammation, tumor, Ageing
Subbranches of pathology-
1) Histopathology a) Surgical Pathology
b) Forensic Pathology and Autopsy work
c) Cytopathology
2) Haematology 1) Laboratory haematology
2) Clinical haematology
3) Chemical Pathology
4) Immunology / Immunopathology
5) Experimental Pathology
6) Molecular Pathology
1) Histopathology- Study of structural changes of the cells observed by naked eye examination through microscope.
a) Surgical Pathology: - Study of the tissues specimens obtained during surgery such as breast lump biopsy obtained during mastectomy.
b) Forensic Pathology - Study of organ & tissues removed after Postmortem for medico legal work for determining the cause of death.
c) Cyto-pathology- Study of the cells shed off from the lesions. and FNAC ( Fine Needle aspiration cytology of superficial).
2) Haematology/ Haemopathology- Study of Investigation & diagnosis of blood disease.
3) Chemical Pathology- Study of biochemical constituents of blood, urine, sodium, potassium, chloride, creatinine, serum, CSF and other body fluids.
4) Immunology/Immunopathology- Study of immune system disorders such as immunodeficiency, organ-transplant rejections and allergies.
5) Experimental pathology- It's deals with production of disease in the experimental animal its study.
6) Molecular Pathology- The detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA of the cells.
Systemic Pathology- it's deals with the changes in systemic disease or response in specific disease.
Systemic Pathology
1) Cardiac System - Disease of heart and Blood vessels
2) Respiratory System - Disease of lung, Nasopharynx, throat,
3) Nervous System-Disease of brain and Nerves
4) Gastro Intestine System- Disease of Stomach,
5) Urogenital System - Disease of kidney, Ureters, bladder, genital and reproductive organ
6) Musculoskeletal System - Disease of muscle, bones, Connective tissue, ligaments
7) Dermatology - Disease of skin, hair, nails
8) Oncology - Study of tumor or neoplasia
Aspects of the pathology
Any disease when we study in pathology then we should see mainly four aspects these are core of pathology.
1) Etiology
2) Pathogenesis
3) Morphological changes
5) clinical manifestation
7) complication
① Etiology
Etio - means Cause
logy - means Study
It in scientific study of the causes of disease and It's divided into two categories.
1) Genetic etiology 2) Acquired etiology
1) Genetic Etiology: It's mean disease transfer from parents or from generation to generation its transfer.
Exp-Down Syndrome, genetic chromosome disorder, sickle Cell Anemia
2) Acquired Etiology - Acquired disease are the primary disease that begin after birth or cause comes out side of the body.
a) Infection- Microorganism infections agents like bacteria, virus fungus, parasites.
b) Hypoxia :- Absence of enough oxygen in the tissue .
c) Physical- Mechanical, thermal, electrical , Radiation, gun shoot, wound burn.
d) Chemical - Chemical Poison, toxic, metabolites, and drugs side effects
(e) Nutritional or Biological- In adequate Protein intake or calories
Inadequate calories - Marasmus disease
Inadequate protein - Kwashiorkar disease.
Multi factorial - Multi factorial causes are the combination of these are genetically and acquired.
3) Pathogenesis-
Mechanism of development of disease Mechanism by which the causative factor produces structural and functional abnormalities.
Pathogenesis can be of various branches. these are Microbial Infection, inflammation, malignancy tissue damage/ break down.
4) Morphological Changes
Study of structured and functional activity in the cells and organs of the body
Rudolf Virchow - Given the theory of cells.
Injury to the cells is the basis of all diseases
5) Clinical Manifestation - Clinical Manifestation is a disease produce to be sign & symptoms.
Functional Consequences of the morphological changes.
Sign (Objective /observed)
➡Sign which gives to indicate to provide information about something. where as sign gain actual information from direct disease or illness.
➡ Which is visible clearly to doctor or doctor will observed from the body. for exp.- eye, skin, tongue, blood test, pulse rate, X-ray, swelling, bleeding, fracture, etc.
Symptoms (Subjective)-
➡Symptoms are something which only the patient can experience.
➡ Patients complain to doctor exp. pain, burning sensation.
Syndrome - Multiple abnormalities in known as Syndromes.
6) Prognosis- For knowing or prediction.
This term is used for prediction of expected development of disease weather sing and symptoms will be improve or not
7) Complication- it is a negative pathology process or events occurring during the course of disease usually aggravating the illness.
for example- paralysed patient developed bed sore after some months.
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